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Appalachian English
Appalachian English is the variety of American English native to the central and southern Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. Typically, Appalachian English is classified under the larger family of Southern U.S. English, of whose sound system it shows the most advanced features. The ''Atlas of North American English'' identifies the "Inland South" dialect region, in which the Southern dialect vowel shift is the most evolved, as centering around the Appalachian cities of Knoxville and Chattanooga, Tennessee; Birmingham, Alabama; and Asheville, North Carolina. The Appalachian dialect is rhotic and characterized by distinct phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. It is mostly oral but can also be written and appears in some known literary works.
Appalachian English has long been criticized both within and outside of the speaking area as an inferior dialect, which is often mistakenly attributed to supposed laziness, lack of education, or the region's relative isolation. American writers throughout the 20th century have used the dialect as the chosen speech of uneducated and unsophisticated characters, though research has largely disproven these stereotypes; however, use of the Appalachian dialect is still often an impediment to educational and social advancement.〔Michael Montgomery, "Language." ''The Encyclopedia of Appalachia'' (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 999-1001.〕
Extensive research has been conducted since the 1930s to determine the origin of the Appalachian dialect. One theory is that the dialect is a remnant of Elizabethan (or Shakespearean) English that had been preserved by the region's isolation.〔Michael Montgomery, "How Scotch-Irish is Your English?" ''The Journal of East Tennessee History'' vol. 67 (1995), 17-18.〕〔Cooper, Horton. "History of Avery County", Biltmore Press, (1964)〕 Another theory suggests that the dialect developed out of the Scots-Irish and Anglo-Scottish border dialects brought to the region by some of its earliest British Isles settlers.〔David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 653-654.〕 Recent research suggests that Appalachian English developed as a uniquely American dialect as early settlers re-adapted the English language to their unfamiliar frontier environment. This is supported by numerous similarities between the Appalachian dialect and Colonial American English.〔Montgomery, 1002-1004.〕
Speakers of Appalachian English have no trouble understanding standard English, but even native speakers of other dialects can find it somewhat impenetrable (compare the similar situation of Glasgow English and London English), and foreigners may have some trouble understanding it, while others may find it easier to comprehend. The characteristic syntax and morphology of Appalachian English gives way to more standard forms in schools, public speaking venues, and courts of law, but the phonology is likely to remain the same.
==Phonology==
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